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Goldman Sachs

June 24, 2026

The Economic Cost of Brexit

Macro ThematicMacro Economic IndicatorsOther

Ten years after the Brexit referendum, Goldman Sachs estimates the UK economy is 6% smaller than it would have been otherwise. The report suggests the worst of the drag is likely over, with potential for further recovery if the government pursues a closer relationship with the EU.

Key Takeaways

  • 1.UK real GDP is approximately 6% below its counterfactual path as a result of Brexit over the last decade.
  • 2.Key channels of underperformance include reduced trade intensity (productivity hit) and weak business investment.
  • 3.The peak Brexit growth headwind is likely behind the UK, and closer EU-UK integration could support trend growth.

Table of Contents

  • Counting the Cost
  • Assessing the Channels
  • As Bad as It Gets?
  • Appendix

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Authors

James MoberlySven Jari Stehn

Themes

Brexit Economic ImpactEU-UK Trade RelationsUK Potential Growth

Regions

EuropeNorth AmericaUnited KingdomUnited States